Here Is Why Martin Luther King Jr.’s “I’ve Been to the Mountaintop” Was Revolutionary

Here Is Why Martin Luther King Jr.’s “I’ve Been to the Mountaintop” Was Revolutionary

Opening Summary

On April 3, 1968, Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his poignant “I’ve Been to the Mountaintop” speech at the Mason Temple in Memphis, Tennessee. This address came on the eve of a planned sanitation workers’ strike, which King supported, and it was one of his final speeches before his assassination the following day. King’s words resonated deeply, encapsulating the struggles of the civil rights movement and the fight for economic justice, making it a significant moment in American history.

Historical Context

The late 1960s were a tumultuous time in the United States, marked by widespread social upheaval and civil rights activism. The African American community faced systemic racism, economic inequality, and violence, particularly in the South. King’s leadership in the civil rights movement had already led to significant achievements, including the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. However, the struggle for economic justice and equality continued, particularly for workers in low-wage jobs.

In Memphis, the sanitation workers were protesting against poor working conditions, low wages, and racial discrimination. King’s involvement in the strike highlighted the intersection of civil rights and labor rights, emphasizing the need for economic justice as a crucial component of the fight for equality. His speech came at a critical moment, as tensions were high and the movement faced increasing challenges.

The Speech Itself

In his speech, King spoke with passion and urgency, drawing on biblical imagery and personal anecdotes to convey his message. He began by reflecting on the struggles faced by the sanitation workers and the broader civil rights movement, emphasizing the importance of solidarity and perseverance. One of the most memorable lines from his address was:

“I’ve been to the mountaintop. I’ve seen the Promised Land. I may not get there with you. But I want you to know tonight, that we, as a people, will get to the Promised Land.”

This powerful imagery of the mountaintop served as a metaphor for hope and the vision of a better future. King’s use of repetition and emotional appeal resonated deeply with his audience, inspiring them to continue the fight for justice and equality. His delivery was both heartfelt and prophetic, as he acknowledged the dangers he faced while remaining committed to the cause.

The Impact

The immediate reaction to King’s speech was one of inspiration and determination. His words galvanized the sanitation workers and supporters, reinforcing their resolve to fight for their rights. The speech was broadcast widely, reaching audiences across the nation and further solidifying King’s role as a leader in the civil rights movement.

In the short term, the speech helped to draw attention to the plight of the sanitation workers, leading to increased support for their cause. Tragically, King was assassinated the following day, which sparked outrage and mourning across the country. His death served as a catalyst for further activism and mobilization, as people rallied to honor his legacy and continue the fight for civil rights.

Legacy and Modern Relevance

Today, Martin Luther King Jr.’s “I’ve Been to the Mountaintop” speech is studied as a pivotal moment in the civil rights movement. Its themes of hope, resilience, and the ongoing struggle for justice continue to resonate in contemporary discussions about racial and economic inequality. The speech serves as a reminder of the importance of collective action and the need to address systemic injustices.

King’s legacy as a champion of civil rights and social justice inspires new generations of activists and leaders. His call for economic justice remains relevant today, as movements for workers’ rights and social equity continue to evolve. The imagery of the mountaintop serves as a powerful symbol of the ongoing journey toward equality and justice for all.

Conclusion

The significance of Martin Luther King Jr.’s “I’ve Been to the Mountaintop” speech cannot be overstated. It encapsulated the struggles and aspirations of the civil rights movement, urging individuals to remain steadfast in their pursuit of justice. King’s words continue to inspire and motivate those who dare to dream of a more just world, illustrating the profound impact of effective communication in shaping history.

About Ian Khan

Ian Khan is a globally recognized futurist, technology keynote speaker, and 3x award-winning author whose work explores the intersection of emerging technology and human potential. As host of the documentary series “The Future of” and a Forbes contributor, Ian has helped Fortune 500 companies and government organizations navigate digital transformation. His insights on AI, blockchain, and future readiness have been featured in major publications worldwide.

Inspired by history’s greatest communicators? Contact Ian Khan at iankhan.com to bring powerful, transformative keynote speaking to your next event.

Here Is Why Franklin D. Roosevelt’s “The Only Thing We Have to Fear Is Fear Itself” Was Revolutionary

Here Is Why Franklin D. Roosevelt’s “The Only Thing We Have to Fear Is Fear Itself” Was Revolutionary

Opening Summary

On March 4, 1933, Franklin D. Roosevelt delivered his inaugural address as the 32nd President of the United States, famously stating, “The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.” This speech came at a time when the nation was grappling with the Great Depression, a period of unprecedented economic turmoil and uncertainty. Roosevelt’s words aimed to instill hope and confidence in the American people, marking a pivotal moment in U.S. history.

Historical Context

The early 1930s were characterized by widespread unemployment, bank failures, and a general sense of despair among the American populace. The stock market crash of 1929 had triggered a severe economic downturn, leading to a loss of faith in traditional institutions and government. As Roosevelt took office, the nation was in dire need of leadership that could inspire action and restore confidence.

Roosevelt’s election was seen as a turning point, as he campaigned on a platform of recovery and reform. His inaugural address was delivered during a time of great anxiety, with millions of Americans looking to their new president for guidance. The speech sought to address the fears and concerns of the nation while laying the groundwork for the New Deal, a series of programs aimed at economic recovery.

The Speech Itself

In his inaugural address, Roosevelt employed powerful rhetoric and a reassuring tone to connect with his audience. He acknowledged the challenges facing the nation, stating, “This great Nation will endure as it has endured, will revive and will prosper.” His famous declaration, “The only thing we have to fear is fear itself,” served as a rallying cry, urging Americans to confront their fears and work together to overcome adversity.

“Let me assert my firm belief that the only thing we have to fear is fear itself—nameless, unreasoning, unjustified terror which paralyzes needed efforts to convert retreat into advance.”

Roosevelt’s use of repetition and vivid imagery helped to reinforce his message, emphasizing the importance of unity and collective action. His delivery was confident and passionate, instilling a sense of hope in a nation that had been battered by economic hardship. The speech was met with enthusiastic applause, reflecting the optimism it inspired among listeners.

The Impact

The immediate reaction to Roosevelt’s speech was overwhelmingly positive, with many Americans feeling a renewed sense of hope and determination. His words resonated deeply, providing reassurance during a time of uncertainty. In the short term, the speech helped to galvanize support for Roosevelt’s New Deal initiatives, which aimed to address the economic crisis and provide relief to those in need.

Long-term, Roosevelt’s inaugural address became a defining moment in American political history. It set the tone for his presidency and established a new relationship between the government and the American people. The themes of courage and resilience articulated in the speech inspired a generation to engage in civic action and advocate for social change.

Legacy and Modern Relevance

Today, Roosevelt’s inaugural address is studied as a pivotal moment in American history, illustrating the power of rhetoric to inspire and mobilize a nation. Its themes of hope, unity, and resilience continue to resonate in contemporary discussions about leadership and crisis management. The speech serves as a reminder of the importance of confronting fear and working together to overcome challenges.

Roosevelt’s legacy as a transformative leader is reflected in the ongoing impact of his message. His call to action has inspired countless individuals and movements, reinforcing the idea that collective effort can lead to meaningful change. The phrase “the only thing we have to fear is fear itself” remains a powerful reminder of the importance of courage in the face of adversity.

Conclusion

The significance of Franklin D. Roosevelt’s inaugural address cannot be overstated. It marked a turning point in American political culture, encouraging a shift from fear to hope. Roosevelt’s words continue to inspire individuals to rise above personal challenges and work for the common good. In an age where uncertainty often prevails, his message remains a beacon of hope, reminding us that with leadership and commitment, we can overcome even the most daunting obstacles.

About Ian Khan

Ian Khan is a globally recognized futurist, technology keynote speaker, and 3x award-winning author whose work explores the intersection of emerging technology and human potential. As host of the documentary series “The Future of” and a Forbes contributor, Ian has helped Fortune 500 companies and government organizations navigate digital transformation. His insights on AI, blockchain, and future readiness have been featured in major publications worldwide.

Inspired by history’s greatest communicators? Contact Ian Khan at iankhan.com to bring powerful, transformative keynote speaking to your next event.

Here Is Why Malala Yousafzai’s “Speech at the United Nations” Was Revolutionary

Here Is Why Malala Yousafzai’s “Speech at the United Nations” Was Revolutionary

Opening Summary

On July 12, 2013, Malala Yousafzai delivered a powerful speech at the United Nations Youth Assembly in New York City, marking her 16th birthday. This moment was significant not only for Malala, who had survived an assassination attempt by the Taliban for advocating for girls’ education, but also for the global movement for education and women’s rights. Her speech resonated worldwide, emphasizing the importance of education and the need to fight against oppression.

Historical Context

The early 2010s were marked by significant challenges regarding education, particularly for girls in regions affected by conflict and extremism. In Pakistan, where Malala grew up, the Taliban had imposed strict regulations that prohibited girls from attending school. Malala’s activism began at a young age, and she became a prominent voice for girls’ education, drawing international attention to the issue.

Her speech at the UN came at a time when the world was beginning to recognize the critical importance of education as a fundamental human right. The global community was increasingly aware of the barriers faced by girls in accessing education, particularly in conflict zones. Malala’s presence at the UN symbolized hope and resilience, representing the millions of girls who were denied the right to learn.

The Speech Itself

In her speech, Malala spoke with clarity and conviction, addressing not only the challenges faced by girls but also the broader implications of education for peace and development. She began by expressing gratitude for the support she had received and acknowledged the sacrifices made by others in the fight for education.

“One child, one teacher, one pen, and one book can change the world.”

This powerful statement encapsulated her message: education is a transformative force that can empower individuals and communities. Malala’s use of personal anecdotes, including her own experiences and those of her peers, made her message relatable and impactful. She emphasized the need for collective action, urging world leaders to prioritize education and invest in the future of children.

The Impact

The immediate reaction to Malala’s speech was overwhelmingly positive, garnering widespread media coverage and support from global leaders. Her words resonated with millions, inspiring individuals and organizations to advocate for girls’ education. In the short term, the speech helped to raise awareness about the challenges faced by girls in accessing education, leading to increased funding and support for educational initiatives worldwide.

Long-term, Malala’s speech became a rallying cry for the global education movement. It contributed to the establishment of the Malala Fund, which aims to ensure that girls around the world have access to 12 years of free, quality education. Her advocacy has influenced policies and initiatives aimed at improving educational opportunities for girls, particularly in developing countries.

Legacy and Modern Relevance

Today, Malala Yousafzai’s speech at the United Nations is studied as a pivotal moment in the fight for education and women’s rights. Its themes of empowerment, resilience, and the transformative power of education continue to resonate in contemporary discussions about gender equality and social justice. The speech serves as a reminder of the importance of standing up against oppression and advocating for the rights of all individuals.

Malala’s legacy as a global advocate for education inspires new generations of activists and leaders. Her story encourages individuals to believe in their ability to effect change, reinforcing the idea that one voice can make a difference in the world.

Conclusion

The significance of Malala Yousafzai’s “Speech at the United Nations” lies in its ability to inspire and mobilize a global movement for education. It was a defining moment in her life and a testament to the power of words to effect change. Malala’s message continues to motivate individuals to strive for a better future, illustrating the profound impact of effective communication in shaping history.

About Ian Khan

Ian Khan is a globally recognized futurist, technology keynote speaker, and 3x award-winning author whose work explores the intersection of emerging technology and human potential. As host of the documentary series “The Future of” and a Forbes contributor, Ian has helped Fortune 500 companies and government organizations navigate digital transformation. His insights on AI, blockchain, and future readiness have been featured in major publications worldwide.

Inspired by history’s greatest communicators? Contact Ian Khan at iankhan.com to bring powerful, transformative keynote speaking to your next event.

Here Is Why Nelson Mandela’s “I Am Prepared to Die” Was Revolutionary

Here Is Why Nelson Mandela’s “I Am Prepared to Die” Was Revolutionary

Opening Summary

On April 20, 1964, Nelson Mandela delivered his powerful “I Am Prepared to Die” speech during the Rivonia Trial in Pretoria, South Africa. This moment marked a pivotal point in the struggle against apartheid, as Mandela articulated the injustices faced by black South Africans and the moral imperative to fight for freedom. His words resonated deeply, not only with those present in the courtroom but also with millions around the world, galvanizing support for the anti-apartheid movement. Mandela’s speech remains a testament to the power of conviction and the enduring fight for justice and equality.

Historical Context

The early 1960s were a time of intense political turmoil in South Africa, as the apartheid regime enforced a system of racial segregation and oppression. The African National Congress (ANC), of which Mandela was a key leader, sought to dismantle this oppressive system through both peaceful protests and armed resistance. The Rivonia Trial was a significant event, as it brought together key figures of the ANC who were charged with sabotage against the apartheid government.

Mandela’s speech came at a time when the struggle for freedom was met with brutal repression. The Sharpeville Massacre in 1960, where police killed 69 unarmed protesters, had heightened tensions and led to increased activism. Mandela understood that the trial was not just about his fate but about the future of the entire nation. His message was directed at both the oppressors and the oppressed, emphasizing the need for justice and equality.

The Speech Itself

Mandela’s “I Am Prepared to Die” speech is renowned for its emotional weight and moral clarity. He began by outlining the injustices faced by black South Africans, stating,

“I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunities.”

This line encapsulated his vision for a just society, one where all individuals could thrive regardless of their race.

Throughout the speech, Mandela employed powerful rhetorical techniques, including repetition and personal anecdotes, to engage his audience. He articulated the sacrifices made by those who fought for freedom, emphasizing that their struggle was not in vain. His declaration,

“I am prepared to die”

, underscored his unwavering commitment to the cause, resonating deeply with listeners and reinforcing the moral imperative of the struggle.

The Impact

The immediate reaction to Mandela’s speech was profound. While he was sentenced to life imprisonment, his words ignited a global movement against apartheid. The speech galvanized support for the ANC and drew international attention to the injustices in South Africa. Activists and leaders around the world cited Mandela’s courage and conviction, leading to increased pressure on the South African government.

In the short term, the speech inspired protests and demonstrations, as people rallied for Mandela’s release and the end of apartheid. It also laid the groundwork for future negotiations that would eventually lead to the dismantling of the apartheid regime in the early 1990s. Mandela’s message of reconciliation and forgiveness became a guiding principle for the new South Africa.

Long-term, the speech has endured as a significant moment in the global struggle for human rights. It is frequently cited in discussions about justice, equality, and the power of peaceful resistance. Mandela’s words continue to inspire movements advocating for social justice, reminding us of the importance of standing up against oppression.

Legacy and Modern Relevance

Today, Nelson Mandela’s “I Am Prepared to Die” speech is studied in classrooms and commemorated in various forms of media. Its themes of justice, equality, and the power of conviction resonate in contemporary society, reminding us of the ongoing fight against systemic racism and inequality. Social movements worldwide draw inspiration from Mandela’s call for justice and his belief in the power of collective action.

Leaders and activists, from Martin Luther King Jr. to Malala Yousafzai, have cited Mandela’s principles as foundational in their own quests for justice. The enduring relevance of the speech lies in its universal call for freedom and the empowerment of the oppressed, reminding us of the potential for transformative change through united voices.

Conclusion

The significance of Nelson Mandela’s “I Am Prepared to Die” speech extends far beyond its historical context. It serves as a powerful reminder of the potential for words to inspire change and foster unity in times of crisis. Mandela’s call for justice and equality resonates with leaders and activists today, reinforcing the notion that even in the darkest moments, the human spirit can rise above oppression. His speech encapsulates the transformative power of language, urging us to embrace our shared humanity and strive for a more just world.

About Ian Khan

Ian Khan is a globally recognized futurist, technology keynote speaker, and 3x award-winning author whose work explores the intersection of emerging technology and human potential. As host of the documentary series “The Future of” and a Forbes contributor, Ian has helped Fortune 500 companies and government organizations navigate digital transformation. His insights on AI, blockchain, and future readiness have been featured in major publications worldwide.

Inspired by history’s greatest communicators?

Contact Ian Khan at iankhan.com to bring powerful, transformative keynote speaking to your next event.

Here Is Why Barack Obama’s “Yes We Can” Was Revolutionary

Here Is Why Barack Obama’s “Yes We Can” Was Revolutionary

Opening Summary

On January 8, 2008, Barack Obama delivered his inspiring speech titled “Yes We Can” in Nashua, New Hampshire, following a hard-fought primary campaign. This speech came at a pivotal moment in American politics, as Obama sought to rally support for his presidential candidacy. His message of hope and change resonated deeply with a nation yearning for progress, making it a defining moment in his campaign and American political history.

Historical Context

The 2008 presidential election was marked by widespread discontent with the status quo, particularly in the wake of the Iraq War and the financial crisis. Many Americans were disillusioned with traditional politics and sought a leader who could inspire change. Obama, a relatively new figure on the national stage, emerged as a candidate who could unite diverse groups and offer a fresh perspective.

In this context, the New Hampshire primary was crucial for Obama. After a narrow loss to Hillary Clinton in Iowa, he needed to galvanize support and demonstrate his viability as a candidate. The atmosphere was charged with anticipation, as voters were eager for a message that could transcend partisan divides and address the pressing issues facing the nation.

The Speech Itself

In his “Yes We Can” speech, Obama employed powerful rhetoric and emotional appeals to connect with his audience. He began by reflecting on the challenges faced by Americans, acknowledging their struggles while emphasizing the potential for change. His use of personal anecdotes and stories of everyday Americans created a relatable narrative that resonated with listeners.

“It’s been a long time coming, but tonight, because of what we did on this date in this election at this defining moment, change has come to America.”

Obama’s repetition of the phrase “Yes We Can” served as a rallying cry, reinforcing his message of hope and collective action. His delivery was passionate and charismatic, inspiring those present to believe in the possibility of a better future. The speech was not just about his candidacy; it was a call to action for all Americans to participate in the democratic process.

The Impact

The immediate reaction to Obama’s speech was overwhelmingly positive, with many praising his ability to articulate a vision for the future. The phrase “Yes We Can” quickly became a slogan for his campaign, symbolizing hope and resilience. In the short term, the speech helped to energize his supporters and solidify his position as a leading candidate in the Democratic primary.

Long-term, Obama’s message resonated beyond the election cycle, influencing a generation of activists and leaders. His ability to inspire and mobilize people around a common cause contributed to his eventual victory in the 2008 presidential election, marking a historic moment in American history.

Legacy and Modern Relevance

Today, Barack Obama’s “Yes We Can” speech is studied as a pivotal moment in political communication. Its themes of hope, unity, and collective action continue to resonate in contemporary discussions about democracy and civic engagement. The speech serves as a reminder of the power of words to inspire change and the importance of believing in the possibility of a better future.

Obama’s legacy as a transformative leader is reflected in the ongoing impact of his message. The phrase “Yes We Can” has become synonymous with grassroots movements and social justice initiatives, encouraging individuals to take action and advocate for change in their communities.

Conclusion

The significance of Barack Obama’s “Yes We Can” speech lies in its ability to inspire and mobilize a nation. It was a defining moment in his campaign and a testament to the power of hope and collective action. Obama’s words continue to motivate individuals to strive for a better future, illustrating the profound impact of effective communication in shaping history.

About Ian Khan

Ian Khan is a globally recognized futurist, technology keynote speaker, and 3x award-winning author whose work explores the intersection of emerging technology and human potential. As host of the documentary series “The Future of” and a Forbes contributor, Ian has helped Fortune 500 companies and government organizations navigate digital transformation. His insights on AI, blockchain, and future readiness have been featured in major publications worldwide.

Inspired by history’s greatest communicators? Contact Ian Khan at iankhan.com to bring powerful, transformative keynote speaking to your next event.

Here Is Why Martin Luther King Jr.’s “I Have a Dream” Was Revolutionary

Here Is Why Martin Luther King Jr.’s “I Have a Dream” Was Revolutionary

Opening Summary

On August 28, 1963, Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his iconic “I Have a Dream” speech during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. This pivotal moment in American history took place at the Lincoln Memorial, where King addressed a crowd of over 250,000 people advocating for civil rights and economic equality. The speech is celebrated for its powerful message of hope and its call for racial justice, making it a cornerstone of the Civil Rights Movement. King’s eloquence and vision for a united America continue to resonate, inspiring generations to strive for equality and justice.

Historical Context

The early 1960s were marked by significant social upheaval in the United States, as the Civil Rights Movement gained momentum in the fight against racial segregation and discrimination. African Americans faced systemic injustices, including disenfranchisement, unequal access to education, and widespread violence. The assassination of civil rights leaders and the brutal treatment of peaceful protesters highlighted the urgent need for change.

The March on Washington was organized to demand jobs and freedom, addressing economic disparities and advocating for civil rights legislation. King, as a prominent leader of the movement, recognized that this moment required a powerful message to galvanize support and inspire action. The backdrop of the Lincoln Memorial, a symbol of freedom and equality, underscored the significance of his words.

The Speech Itself

King’s “I Have a Dream” speech is renowned for its profound impact and masterful rhetoric. He began by referencing the Emancipation Proclamation, emphasizing that 100 years later, African Americans were still not free. One of the most memorable lines from the speech is:

“I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: ‘We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.'”

King’s use of repetition, particularly the phrase “I have a dream,” created a rhythmic and emotional appeal that resonated with listeners. He painted vivid images of a future where children would be judged by their character rather than the color of their skin, invoking a sense of hope and possibility.

His speech also employed powerful metaphors, likening the struggle for civil rights to a check that had come back marked “insufficient funds,” highlighting the unfulfilled promises of American democracy. King’s ability to connect personal experiences with broader societal issues made his message relatable and compelling.

The Impact

The immediate reaction to King’s speech was overwhelmingly positive, with many attendees expressing a renewed sense of hope and determination. The March on Washington itself was a watershed moment, bringing together diverse groups advocating for civil rights and economic justice. King’s words galvanized support for the movement, leading to increased public awareness and sympathy for the cause.

In the short term, the speech contributed to the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, landmark legislation that aimed to dismantle systemic racism and protect the rights of African Americans. King’s message of nonviolence and unity inspired countless activists and leaders, shaping the trajectory of the Civil Rights Movement.

Long-term, the “I Have a Dream” speech has become a symbol of the ongoing struggle for equality and justice. It is frequently cited in discussions about civil rights, social justice, and the power of peaceful protest. King’s vision continues to inspire movements advocating for racial equality, LGBTQ+ rights, and other social justice causes.

Legacy and Modern Relevance

Today, Martin Luther King Jr.’s “I Have a Dream” speech is studied in classrooms and commemorated in various forms of media. Its themes of justice, equality, and the power of dreams resonate in contemporary society, reminding us of the work that remains to achieve true equality.

The speech’s legacy is evident in the ongoing fight against systemic racism and inequality, as activists draw inspiration from King’s words to advocate for change. His message serves as a reminder that the struggle for justice is not confined to a specific era but is a continuous journey that requires collective effort and unwavering commitment.

Conclusion

The significance of Martin Luther King Jr.’s “I Have a Dream” speech extends far beyond its historical context. It stands as a powerful testament to the potential of words to inspire change and foster unity in the face of adversity. King’s call for empathy and understanding continues to resonate today, urging us to embrace our shared humanity and work towards a more just and equitable world. His speech encapsulates the transformative power of language, reminding us that through dialogue and compassion, we can overcome even the most daunting challenges.

About Ian Khan

Ian Khan is a globally recognized futurist, technology keynote speaker, and 3x award-winning author whose work explores the intersection of emerging technology and human potential. As host of the documentary series “The Future of” and a Forbes contributor, Ian has helped Fortune 500 companies and government organizations navigate digital transformation. His insights on AI, blockchain, and future readiness have been featured in major publications worldwide.

Inspired by history’s greatest communicators?

Contact Ian Khan at iankhan.com to bring powerful, transformative keynote speaking to your next event.

You are enjoying this content on Ian Khan's Blog. Ian Khan, AI Futurist and technology Expert, has been featured on CNN, Fox, BBC, Bloomberg, Forbes, Fast Company and many other global platforms. Ian is the author of the upcoming AI book "Quick Guide to Prompt Engineering," an explainer to how to get started with GenerativeAI Platforms, including ChatGPT and use them in your business. One of the most prominent Artificial Intelligence and emerging technology educators today, Ian, is on a mission of helping understand how to lead in the era of AI. Khan works with Top Tier organizations, associations, governments, think tanks and private and public sector entities to help with future leadership. Ian also created the Future Readiness Score, a KPI that is used to measure how future-ready your organization is. Subscribe to Ians Top Trends Newsletter Here